Pollution can cause mental health problems: a study by the European Environment Agency

Brussels – Reducing pollution is not only good for our physical health, but also for our mental health. This is highlighted in the briefing published today (7 April) by the European Environment Agency (EEA), which analyses the link between exposure to pollutants and psychological disorders. At a time when mental health issues are constantly on the rise, the EEA stresses the urgency of “integrating environmental policies with health policies,” while promoting greater collaboration between sectors and disciplines.

Mental health conditions have complex, multifactorial causes: genetic factors, socio-economic conditions, psychological factors, and lifestyle all play a part. The agency also cites air and noise pollution, as well as exposure to chemicals, as contributing factors. According to the EEA, there is a “significant correlation” between these factors: although further studies are needed to clarify causal relationships, the available evidence now makes it difficult to deny the link.

Research shows that the impact of pollution is particularly significant during the most critical stages of human development. Childhood and early adolescence are periods of greater vulnerability, with an increased risk of disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and behavioural problems. Prolonged exposure to poor air quality is also associated with a higher incidence of depression, while pollution spikes can exacerbate the symptoms of schizophrenia.

With regard to noise pollution, the EEA notes a 3 per cent increase in the risk of depression and a 2 per cent increase in the risk of anxiety. In children, exposure to environmental noise is linked to a higher incidence of behavioural disorders, with direct effects on mental well-being. Even more worrying are some specific figures: a 10-decibel increase in rail noise is associated with a 2.2 per cent rise in suicide rates, whilst exposure to aircraft noise during pregnancy can increase the risk of depression by 12 per cent.

Chemicals also represent a risk factor. Prenatal or childhood exposure to lead is associated with depression and schizophrenia. Furthermore, second-hand smoke is consistently linked to mental health disorders, particularly among the most vulnerable groups, such as children and pregnant women. Recent studies also indicate a link between prenatal exposure to BPA and the onset of anxiety and depression in young children.

In light of this evidence, the EEA proposes adopting a “One Health” approach, which recognises the interconnection among human, animal, and environmental health. Achieving the objectives of the European Action Plan for Zero Pollution by 2030—by reducing emissions and expanding access to natural spaces—could help improve the mental well-being of millions of European citizens.